安哥拉長毛兔是著名的長毛兔品種，其適應(yīng)能力強、耐粗飼、產(chǎn)毛量高，在各地均有飼養(yǎng)。安哥拉長毛兔從出生到30日齡斷奶前的時期稱為仔兔，從斷奶到90日齡時稱幼兔。幼兔時期胃腸發(fā)育不完善；生長快，采食量大，飲水多，日糧要求高；消化器官發(fā)育不成熟，抵抗力較弱，易患消化道疾病，是整個安哥拉長毛兔生命過程中發(fā)病率和死亡率非常高的階段。要提高安哥拉長毛兔養(yǎng)殖效益，建議做好幼兔時期的飼養(yǎng)管理。

　　Angola long haired rabbit is a famous breed of long haired rabbit with strong adaptability, tolerance to rough feeding, and high hair production. It is raised in various places. The period from birth to weaning at 30 days of age in Angora long haired rabbits is called juvenile rabbits, and from weaning to 90 days of age is called juvenile rabbits. Immature gastrointestinal development during the juvenile rabbit stage; Fast growth, large feed intake, abundant drinking water, high dietary requirements; With immature digestive organs, weak resistance and susceptibility to digestive tract diseases, Angora angora angora angora rabbits have the highest incidence rate and mortality in their life. To improve the breeding efficiency of Angora long haired rabbits, it is necessary to do a good job in the feeding and management of young rabbits.

　　1幼兔期的生理特點

　　Physiological characteristics of juvenile rabbits

　　1. 胃腸發(fā)育不完善。安哥拉長毛兔是草食性動物，在消化系統(tǒng)中，家兔的牙齒、盲腸的結(jié)構(gòu)和生理特點都與其食性相適應(yīng)。安哥拉長毛兔的門齒長在上下頜中央的位置，適于切斷草料等食物；臼齒長在上下頜的兩側(cè)，有比較寬闊的咀嚼面，便于磨碎草料。成年安哥拉長毛兔有非常發(fā)達(dá)的盲腸，盲腸內(nèi)部有大量的微生物（主要是細(xì)菌）、原蟲和比較穩(wěn)定的微生物區(qū)系，并可通過食糞行為不斷補充和調(diào)整微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和數(shù)量。發(fā)達(dá)的盲腸酷似一個天然發(fā)酵袋，進(jìn)入盲腸的食物殘渣可在盲腸微生物的作用下將植物纖維轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹衔锒患彝梦绽谩５淄妹つc內(nèi)的微生物區(qū)系仍處在一個動態(tài)發(fā)育階段，只能代表成年兔微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)的80%～90%，只有到60日齡前后，幼兔的盲腸才能基本發(fā)育完善并正常發(fā)揮其生理功能。

　　1. Incomplete gastrointestinal development. The Angora long haired rabbit is a herbivorous animal. In the digestive system, the structure and physiological characteristics of the rabbit's teeth and cecum are adapted to its diet. The incisors of the Angora long haired rabbit are located in the center of the upper and lower jaws, suitable for cutting grass and other food; Molar teeth are located on both sides of the upper and lower jaws, with a relatively wide chewing surface, making it easy to grind grass. Adult Angora long haired rabbits have a particularly developed cecum, which contains a large number of microorganisms (mainly bacteria), protozoa, and a relatively stable microbial community. The microbiota structure and quantity can be continuously supplemented and adjusted through fecal feeding behavior. The developed cecum resembles a natural fermentation bag, and the food residue entering the cecum can be converted into nitrogen-containing compounds by the action of cecal microorganisms, which can be absorbed and utilized by rabbits. However, the microbial community in the cecum of young rabbits is still in a dynamic developmental stage, representing only 80% to 90% of the microbial community structure of adult rabbits. Only around 60 days of age can the cecum of young rabbits develop and function normally.

　　2. 代謝旺盛，生長快，食量大，喝水多，營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)要求高。安哥拉長毛兔幼兔代謝旺盛，30日齡斷奶仔兔體重可達(dá)到0.7千克左右，為初生體重的8～9倍；到90日齡，幼兔體重已經(jīng)可以達(dá)到2.2～2.5千克。因此，幼兔需要吃進(jìn)更多的食物，用以維持單位體重所需要的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，對日糧營養(yǎng)濃度和營養(yǎng)水平的要求也高。幼兔從斷奶時每天吃料70克，到90日齡時每天吃料就不少于200克，采食量一天比一天大。

　　2. High metabolism, fast growth, large food intake, plenty of water, and high nutrient requirements. Angora long haired rabbit pups have a strong metabolism, and at 30 days of age, weaned offspring can reach a weight of about 0.7 kilograms, which is 8-9 times their birth weight; By 90 days of age, the weight of young rabbits can reach 2.2-2.5 kilograms. Therefore, young rabbits need to consume more food to maintain the required nutrients per unit weight, and have high requirements for the nutrient concentration and level of the diet. From weaning, young rabbits eat 70 grams of feed per day, and by 90 days of age, they eat no less than 200 grams of feed per day, with their feed intake increasing day by day.

　　3. 抵抗力較弱，易得消化道疾病。安哥拉長毛兔斷奶幼兔消化器官發(fā)育不完善，其重量和容積尚小。斷奶前的仔兔，消化器官為了更好地消化乳汁，體內(nèi)乳糖酶的活性比較高，但是麥芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶等這些消化酶的分泌量卻不足。因此，仔兔缺乏對蛋白質(zhì)和淀粉足夠強的消化率能力。但是，在仔兔斷奶后，飼料中乳糖含量降低，胃內(nèi)的總酸度降低，胃內(nèi)乳酸的生成量也會降低；某些飼料中的蛋白質(zhì)和無機陽離子與胃酸發(fā)生結(jié)合，即可降低幼兔對蛋白質(zhì)的消化能力，并引起消化障礙，導(dǎo)致胃腸道病原微生物大量繁殖，從而破壞幼兔消化道內(nèi)正常的微生物區(qū)系平衡狀態(tài)。所以，幼兔消化系統(tǒng)疾病（如腸炎等） 多發(fā)。

　　3. Weak resistance and susceptibility to gastrointestinal diseases. The digestive organs of weaned Angora long haired rabbits are underdeveloped, and their weight and volume are still small. Before weaning, the digestive organs of young rabbits have a higher activity of lactase in order to better digest milk, but the secretion of digestive enzymes such as maltase, sucrase, trypsin, amylase, etc. is insufficient. Therefore, young rabbits lack sufficient digestion ability for protein and starch. However, after weaning, the lactose content in the feed decreases, the total acidity in the stomach decreases, and the production of lactic acid in the stomach also decreases; The binding of proteins and inorganic cations in certain feed with stomach acid can reduce the digestion ability of young rabbits towards proteins and cause digestive disorders, leading to the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and disrupting the normal microbial balance in the digestive tract of young rabbits. So, digestive system diseases such as enteritis are more common in young rabbits.

　　另外，斷奶幼兔體溫調(diào)節(jié)能力差，對寒冷刺激敏感，易受冷、熱應(yīng)激的影響，也容易得消化系統(tǒng)疾病。

　　In addition, weaned young rabbits have poor temperature regulation ability, are sensitive to cold stimuli, are easily affected by cold and heat stress, and are also prone to digestive system diseases.

　　2飼養(yǎng)管理措施

　　2. Feeding and management measures

　　1. 斷奶后，生長環(huán)境與斷奶前基本保持不變。安哥拉長毛兔仔兔剛斷奶時，改變了原來和母兔一起生活的環(huán)境，對新環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力很差；非常是離開母乳喂養(yǎng)，完全依靠采食幼兔日糧之后，胃腸功能還不能一時得到完全適應(yīng)；找不到母兔，感到孤獨。所以斷奶后的幼兔可能會出現(xiàn)不吃、不喝、拉稀等亞健康現(xiàn)象。因此，在管理上，斷奶時實行“移母不移仔”的方法，直接把仔兔留在原兔舍喂養(yǎng)，直接將母兔提走；斷奶前補什么料，還喂什么料，不要隨便更換；飲水中添加活菌益生素等微生態(tài)制劑，以減輕因離開母兔引起的應(yīng)激；斷奶后的幼兔，按體重大小、性別不同，分群飼養(yǎng)，一般籠養(yǎng)的每籠4～5只，群養(yǎng)時每群10只左右為宜，不可一兔一籠，以減輕孤獨感。同時，要在1周內(nèi)把胎毛全部剪去，以增強血液循環(huán)，促進(jìn)幼兔生長發(fā)育。

　　After weaning, the growth environment remains basically unchanged from before weaning. When the Angora long haired rabbit cub was just weaned, it changed its original living environment with the mother rabbit and had poor adaptability to the new environment; Especially after leaving breastfeeding and relying solely on feeding young rabbits, gastrointestinal function cannot be fully adapted in the short term; Unable to find the mother rabbit, feeling lonely. So weaned young rabbits may experience sub-health symptoms such as not eating, not drinking, and diarrhea. Therefore, in terms of management, the method of "moving the mother without moving the offspring" is implemented during weaning, where the offspring rabbits are directly left in the original rabbit house for feeding and the mother rabbits are directly taken away; What feed should be supplemented before weaning, what feed should be fed, and do not change it casually; Adding probiotics and other probiotics to drinking water to alleviate stress caused by leaving the mother rabbit; After weaning, young rabbits should be raised in groups according to their weight and gender. Generally, 4-5 rabbits are housed in cages, and about 10 rabbits are recommended in groups. It is not advisable to have one rabbit per cage to reduce loneliness. At the same time, all fetal hair should be cut off within one week to enhance blood circulation and promote the growth and development of young rabbits.

　　2. 保證日齡營養(yǎng)和品質(zhì)。在配制幼兔日齡時，要盡量減少玉米等高能量飼料、增加苜蓿草粉等高纖維飼料的配比，對防止幼兔腸炎有良好的作用。苜蓿草粉中含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)，而且兔對苜蓿草粉中的蛋白質(zhì)消化率高達(dá)75%～80%。可參考以下配方：苜蓿草粉54%、小麥粉20%、豆餅粉21%、廢糖蜜（制糖業(yè)加工副產(chǎn)品）3%、油脂1.25%、磷酸鈣0.25%、食鹽0.5%。嚴(yán)禁飼喂發(fā)酵酸敗、發(fā)霉變質(zhì)的飼料。

　　2. Ensure age nutrition and quality. When preparing the age of young rabbits, it is advisable to minimize the proportion of high-energy feed such as corn and increase the proportion of high fiber feed such as alfalfa powder, which has a good effect on preventing enteritis in young rabbits. Alfalfa powder contains abundant protein, and rabbits have a high digestion rate of 75% to 80% for protein in alfalfa powder. The following formula can be referred to: alfalfa flour 54%, wheat flour 20%, soybean cake flour 21%, waste molasses (a by-product of sugar processing) 3%, oil 1.25%, calcium phosphate 0.25%, and salt 0.5%. It is strictly prohibited to feed fermented, rancid, moldy or spoiled feed.

　　3. 拌入適量牛奶。為了使幼兔消化道能更快地形成新的微生物群系，以適應(yīng)斷奶后消化飼料的能力，可在幼兔日糧中添加適量奶牛或奶粉，非常對身體孱弱或準(zhǔn)備留作繁殖擴群用的幼兔，能明顯提高成活率。

　　3. Mix in an appropriate amount of milk. In order to enable the digestive tract of young rabbits to form a new microbial community more quickly and adapt to the ability to digest feed after weaning, an appropriate amount of cow or milk powder can be added to the diet of young rabbits, especially for those who are weak or prepared for breeding and expansion, which can significantly improve the survival rate.

　　4. 喂料定時限量，少喂多餐。斷奶后的安哥拉長毛兔幼兔食量大，貪吃，飼喂時建議定時、限量，尤其是幼兔喜食的青綠多汁飼料（如蔬菜葉等），一次不能喂得過多，以防傷食和拉稀。每天的飼喂時間要固定。在每次喂食后，要觀察料槽中是否有剩料，或是否加料不足，以確定下次的喂料量，盡量做到喂料量足又無剩料。同時，添料時注意觀察兔的糞便軟硬、消化等情況，以合理調(diào)整喂料量。

　　4. Feeding should be timed and limited, with less feeding and more meals. Weaned Angora long haired rabbits have a large appetite and are greedy. They must be fed at regular intervals and in limited quantities, especially the green and juicy feed (such as vegetable leaves) that young rabbits like to eat. They should not be fed too much at once to prevent food damage and diarrhea. The feeding time should be fixed every day. After each feeding, it is necessary to observe whether there is any leftover material or insufficient feeding in the feeding trough to determine the next feeding amount, and try to ensure that the feeding amount is sufficient without any leftover material. At the same time, pay attention to observing the softness, digestion, and other conditions of rabbit feces when adding feed, in order to adjust the feeding amount reasonably.

　　5. 注意天氣變化。注意秋末冬初、冬末春初氣候變化情況，做好氣溫突變時幼兔的應(yīng)急防護，防止受涼感冒和肺炎。炎熱季節(jié)，注意降溫，預(yù)防熱應(yīng)激。

　　5. Pay attention to weather changes. Pay attention to climate change in late autumn and early winter, as well as in late winter and early spring. Take emergency measures for young rabbits during sudden temperature changes to prevent catching colds and pneumonia. During the hot season, pay attention to cooling down and prevent heat stress.

　　6. 做好衛(wèi)生防疫工作。幼兔階段，容易誘發(fā)多種傳染病，建議抓好衛(wèi)生防疫。平時要搞好籠舍清潔衛(wèi)生，保持環(huán)境清潔，每天早晚各打掃一次籠舍內(nèi)糞便，定期洗刷兔籠內(nèi)壁及墊板、料槽，保持籠舍通風(fēng)良好，定期對飼養(yǎng)工具、籠舍、產(chǎn)仔巢箱等進(jìn)行多維度有效的有效消毒；定期殺蟲滅鼠；飲用深井水或自來水，防止水源污染。夏季雨多，幼兔容易誘發(fā)球蟲病，可在飼料中適當(dāng)添加鹽酸氯苯胍、磺胺類藥物等；飼料中經(jīng)常加入切碎的洋蔥、大蒜等，可防病促長。剛斷奶的仔兔不要急于注射疫苗，待適應(yīng)新環(huán)境后，再給幼兔開始免疫接種。可肌內(nèi)注射兔病毒性出血癥、多殺性巴氏桿菌病二聯(lián)滅活疫苗，用量為1毫升/只，預(yù)防兔病毒性出血癥（兔瘟） 和兔多殺性巴氏桿菌病（兔出血性敗血癥）；間隔5天，再皮下注射兔產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌病（A型） 滅活疫苗，用量為2毫升/只，預(yù)防產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌病（魏氏梭菌病）。

　　6. Carry out hygiene and epidemic prevention work. During the juvenile rabbit stage, it is easy to induce various infectious diseases, and it is necessary to pay attention to hygiene and epidemic prevention. Usually, it is necessary to keep the cage clean and hygienic, maintain a clean environment, clean the feces in the cage once a day in the morning and once in the evening, regularly wash the inner walls, pads, and feeding troughs of the rabbit cage, maintain good ventilation in the cage, and regularly disinfect the feeding tools, cage, litter box, etc. thoroughly and effectively; Regular insecticide and rodent control; Drinking deep well water or tap water to prevent water source pollution. Summer rain is heavy, and young rabbits are prone to parasitic diseases. Chlorpheniramine hydrochloride and sulfonamide drugs can be added to the feed appropriately; Frequently adding chopped onions, garlic, etc. to feed can prevent diseases and promote growth. Newly weaned rabbits should not rush to receive vaccines. After adapting to the new environment, start immunizing the young rabbits. Intramuscular injection of rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease and Pasteurella multocida dual inactivated vaccine, with a dosage of 1 milliliter per rabbit, to prevent rabbit viral hemorrhagic disease (rabbit plague) and rabbit hemorrhagic sepsis (rabbit sepsis); After a 5-day interval, subcutaneous injection of inactivated rabbit Clostridium perfringens (type A) vaccine is administered at a dose of 2 milliliters per rabbit to prevent Clostridium perfringens (Weiss disease).

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