1.發情表現4月齡的家兔就有發情表現。母兔發情行為表現為興奮不安愛跑跳，頓足，仰頭，左顧右盼，亂刨籠底板，用腳踏底板，頻頻排尿，食欲減

4 month old rabbits show signs of estrus. The estrus behavior of female rabbits is characterized by excitement, restlessness, love to run and jump, stuttering, looking up, looking left and right, haphazardly digging the bottom of the cage, using the bottom of the foot, frequent urination, and decreased appetite

退，并常在飼盤或其他用具上摩擦下頜，俗稱「鬧圈」。性欲強的母免還主動接近公兔，當公兔追逐爬跨時母兔后軀抬高，接受交配，甚至調情、爬跨其他公免、母兔，用手撫摸免背時，母免下蹲貼服籠底將尾舉起，

Retreat and often rub the lower jaw on feeding plates or other utensils, commonly known as "noisy circles". A female rabbit with strong sexual desire also actively approaches the male rabbit. When the male rabbit chases and crawls, the female rabbit raises its hind body to accept mating, and even flirts and crawls over other male and female rabbits. When touching the back of the female rabbit with her hand, the female rabbit crouches down and sticks to the bottom of the cage to lift her tail,

2.生殖器官變化 母兔發情初期外陰部黏膜潮紅充血，有光澤和分泌物。發情開始時外陰部呈粉紅色或淡紅色，隨著發情的進展顏色加重呈大紅色或老紅色。發情后期黏膜變成黑紫色，陰戶腫脹與黏膜顏色逐漸消失。除上述發情表現以外，一般母兔的卵巢在發情前2~3天，卵泡發育迅速，卵泡內膜增生，卵泡液分泌增多，卵泡壁變薄并突出于卵巢表面。陰道上皮充血，陰蒂充血和勃起子宮頸及前庭大腺分泌的黏液增多;子宮頸松弛，子官充血，輸卵管蠕動和纖毛顫動加強。持續時間為3~5天，這段時間稱發情持續期。幼齡母免發育到初情期之后，直至性機能衰老之前，卵巢中1次能成熟許多卵子。但這些卵子只有在和公兔交配后 10~12 小時才能從卵巢中排出。

2. Changes in reproductive organs: During the early stage of estrus in female rabbits, the mucous membrane of the external genitalia is flushed, congested, shiny, and secreted. At the beginning of estrus, the external genitalia appears pink or light red, and as estrus progresses, the color intensifies and becomes bright red or old red. In the late stage of estrus, the mucous membrane turns black purple, and the swelling of the vagina and the color of the mucous membrane gradually disappear. In addition to the above estrus symptoms, the ovaries of female rabbits generally develop rapidly 2-3 days before estrus, with follicular endometrium hyperplasia, increased secretion of follicular fluid, and thinning of follicular walls protruding from the ovarian surface. Vaginal epithelial congestion, clitoral congestion, and increased secretion of mucus from the erect cervix and vestibular glands; Cervical relaxation, congestion of the cervix, increased peristalsis and ciliary tremors in the fallopian tubes. The duration is 3-5 days, which is called the estrus duration. After reaching the onset of puberty and before sexual function declines, many eggs can mature in the ovaries at once in young mothers. But these eggs can only be released from the ovaries 10-12 hours after mating with male rabbits.

3.發情周期 母兔性成熟后發情有周期性，一般發情周期短，8~15 天發情1 次，持續2~3天，但發情無規律性。長毛兔母免的發情周期不太規律，有的母兔一直發情，因卵巢中經常有處于不同發育階段的卵子。也有母免在一定時間發出氣味，引誘公兔交配。但母免發情受季節氣溫的變化影響較大，在氣候較溫和的春秋季飼料來源充足，發情較為明顯，種免性欲強，受胎率、產仔數和育成率較高。而在夏冬季長毛兔食欲較差，種免性欲不高，空懷率和產仔死亡率較高。應注意搞好發情鑒定工作，尤其是群體較大時，不要因漏掉發情母兔而延誤了配種。還需要喂給營養豐富的飼料，以使長毛免保持良好的體質，

3. The estrus cycle of female rabbits is periodic after sexual maturity. Generally, the estrus cycle is short, once every 8-15 days for 2-3 days, but the estrus is irregular. The estrus cycle of long haired rabbits is not very regular, and some female rabbits are constantly in heat due to the presence of eggs at different developmental stages in their ovaries. There are also female rabbits that emit odors for a certain period of time to lure male rabbits into mating. However, maternal immunity to estrus is greatly affected by seasonal temperature changes. In the mild climate of spring and autumn, there are sufficient sources of feed, and estrus is more obvious. Seed immunity has strong sexual desire, and the conception rate, litter size, and fertility rate are higher. In summer and winter, long haired rabbits have poor appetite, low libido, and high rates of empty pregnancy and neonatal mortality. Attention should be paid to the identification of estrus, especially when the population is large, so as not to delay breeding due to missing estrus female rabbits. It is also necessary to feed it with nutrient rich feed to maintain a good physical condition for long haired animals,

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